Carbon is the backbone of life and is found in every living thing: trees, plants, animals and humans. Carbon dioxide is released when biological material is decomposed or burnt; such carbon dioxide is biogenous. Fossil carbon dioxide is released when coal, gas or oil is burnt. The release of fossil carbon dioxide to air contributes to the greenhouse effect.

Signifies the total carbon emissions created by an organisation or an individual.

When an organisation and an individual becomes carbon neutral it means that they have embarked on a programme of Co2 reduction and have offset the balance of their Co2 emissions.

Carbon Offsetting is a method of arriving at carbon neutrality by investing in carbon reduction schemes around the world, such as: Wind-farms, Hydro Electricity Projects, Solar Power Initiatives, Methane Capture Programmes and other such incentives. The investments are made by purchase of credits that are sold on the basis of £s per tonne of Co2 emissions.

When an organisation or an individual identifies their total carbon footprint and invests in way of reducing their total Co2 emissions.

A path taken by a product from forest to end-user, (i.e.) Forest, pulp mill, paper mill, paper merchant, printer, customer and end-user. The chain is carried by invoice, when ownership passes from one to another.

In chemical pulp production, the wood fibres are separated from the lignin by cooking wood chips in a chemical solution. The lignin is then incinerated to produce energy and the chemicals are recovered in a recovery boiler, the chemicals are then reused within the chemical closed loop system of a paper mill.

CTMP is regarded as the closest quality mechanical pulp compared to woodfree pulp. CTMP is arrived at by further chemical treatment during the mechanical pulping process (See also Pulp, Woodfree and Mechanical Pulp.

This is an innovative method of reducing the fresh water requirements of a mill, by recycling the wastewater stream.

One side coated and two side coated papers and boards.

Standard process colours used in four colour printing - cyan (C), magenta (M), yellow (Y)and black (B), with the K standing for key colour.

see Chain of Custody

Paper subjected to smoothing and polishing between stacks of highly polished steam heated rollers (calenders).

Using a fixed measurement to make certain of the correct operation of a machine.

This consists of two sheets of paper; the underside of the top sheet (designated CB, coated back) is coated with colourless dye in minute gelatine capsules; the underneather sheet (CF, coated front) is coated with a reactive chemical which turns blue or black when mixed with the colourless dye. Pressure from a pen or printer on the top sheet causes the gelatine capsules to break, the dye and chemical then mix and thr blue or black copy appears on thr bottom sheet. There is also an intermediate paper (CFB, coated front and back), used between the top and bottom sheets to make multi-part sets. Not all carbonless is suitable for digital, as some of the oils used can damage the internal workings of the printer.

A method of drying coated paper by contact of the freshly coated surface with a highly polished chromium plated heated metal surface. Cast coated papers or boards have an extremely high gloss finish.

Material coated on one or both sides with a mixture of china clay, latex and other loadings to fill up surface pits and improve the printing surface. There are a variety of coating methods including roll coating, blade coating, air knife coating and brush coating, or combinations of these types. A very high quality form of off machine coating is cast coating. Some digital technologies require papers to be specifically coated before use.

The application of a layer of minerals applied to one or both sides of paper or board to improve brightness, gloss and printability; the mineral most often used is china clay (hydrated aluminium silicate), but calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide are also used; the coating is held together and stuck to the paper by a binder.

The amount of coating on a base paper expressed as dry weight on a given area in grams per square metre (g/m2).

Local deformation of a sheet of paper due to unequal shrinkage giving it a slightly crumpled appearance.

Waste paper collected from households, largely consisting of newspapers.

Method used to improve the reproduction of the colour original.

System used for calibrating machines to ensure accurate colour rendering throughout the work flow.

Paper that has been treated, at the mill or at the point of use, to adjust the moisture content to what is considered to be an optimum level for flatness and stability.

Ink is forced through a small printing nozzle in the printhead at a steady flow rate. The electically charged droplets are directed onto a substrate or deflected into a collection system.

The ratio of brightness between the lightest and the darkest parts of an image.

A company that specialises in sheeting, re-reeling or changing the format of reels and sheets of paper and board into the packaging or finished goods for sale to the trade or public.

Lightweight grade of good quality, used for copying correspondence and documents. May be glazed or unglazed. Most copier papers are laser compatible and special grades are made for colour copying.

see Register marks

Sheet distortion leading to a tendency to roll up.

Operation of slitting and cutting water-marked paper without regard to where the design falls in each sheet. The design(s) may fall in different places in successive sheets and some may be cut.

Operation of slitting and cutting watermarked paper so that the watermark design falls in a given position in every sheet.