The energy needed to make one tonne of paper, including all energy actually required and all waste energy released for use elsewhere.

NOx is produced during the combustion of fuel and also as a natural reaction between nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere. Nitrogen oxides are found in flue and exhaust gases. They contribute to the formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere.

A Scandinavian eco-label; to qualify for the label, a paper mill’s missions and effluents must match the strict standards set by the various Scandinavian governments.

Northern bleached hardwood kraft. An important variety of market pulp, produced chiefly from birch trees; it is brighter than NBSK but not as strong.

Northern bleached softwood kraft. One of the chief varieties of market pulp, produced mainly from spruce trees from Scandinavia, Canada and north eastern USA. It consists of longer (hence stronger) fibres than NBHK.

No carbon required. This expression, which was introduced by the National Cash Register Company (which formerly owned the patents), has now been superseded by the term carbonless.

Generic term for oxides of nitrogen, which are products of combustion. These gases contribute to acid rain.

The relatively low grade paper intended for the printing of newspapers; it is mainly produced from mechanical softwood pulp and recycled fibres.

The pressure point between two rollers.

Oil, coal, natural gas and other sources of energy which occur naturally and cannot be replaced.

Minute hole in the printhead from which ink is expelled. Printheads can incorporate many nozzles.